| Resources |
 |
History
of fishing in New Zealand |
|
Hoki:
export heavyweights |
|
Marine
fisheries research |
|
New
Zealand fish catch histories and quota levels to 1991
(hoki figures) |
 |
| Selected
answers |
| 7 |
Case
Study: Hoki |
| |
a |
1 |
New
Zealandisation of the fishing industry was achieved by: |
|
|
|
|
Phasing
out the foreign licensed fleet, which consisted of wholly
foreign owned and operated vessels that seldom landed
catch in New Zealand. |
| |
|
|
|
Expanding
the locally owned domestic fleet of larger deepwater vessels. |
| |
|
|
|
Chartering
foreign vessels to fish for New Zealand, or in joint New
Zealand/foreign partnership companies. |
| |
b |
Fishing
during the spawning season is the most economic time to
make good catches. Hoki release hundreds of thousands,
up to millions, of eggs per fish. The survival of these
eggs and larvae is determined by environmental conditions
(temperature, currents, food supply, etc). Although there
must be a lower limit to the number of spawners required
to maintain the population, catching spawning hoki up
to this limit would not be harmful to recruitment. The
greatest risk in fishing a spawning aggregation is its
vulnerability and the removal of too great a proportion
of the adult fish during this time. Fisheries scientists
are also concerned about the disruptive influence on spawning
of a large fleet of factory trawlers. |
| |
c |
The
by-catch of seals can be reduced by the use of spotters
to quickly assist seals entangled in nets and by reducing
the use of lights at night. The by-catch of hake, ling
and silver warehou could to some extent be covered by
hoki fishers trying to make sure they have enough quota
to cover these species. The fisheries could be closed
when the quota has been reached for these species. Research
could identify when these other species are most likely
to be caught. |
| |
d |
Research
methods include catch sampling, trawl surveys, acoustic
surveys, photographic techniques, egg and larval surveys,
etc. For more information see the fact sheet "Marine
Fisheries Research". |
